Nematodes as biocontrol agents pdf
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Nematodes may not be compatible with some chemical pesticides used to control other pests.Nematodes are sensitive to environmental conditions, such as UV and high temperatures 5 conditions that may be hard to control.The soil around the roots of cranberries is moist and humid, protected from harmful UV light and temperatures often suitable for use of nematodes. Cranberry fields often have good environmental conditions for nematodes.Unlike pesticides, the use of nematodes does not require personal protective equipment, such as safety masks and re-entry intervals and there are no residues and groundwater contamination. They are considered safe for humans, plants, and animals and relatively safe for the environment, especially when compared to traditional pesticides.Hb= heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Sc= steinernema carpocapsae, Hmeg= heterorhabditis megidi, Hm= heterorhabditis marelatus, Sg=steinernema glaseri The table below summarizes the most important nematode species that can be used against insect pests in cranberries. 6 The effectiveness of nematodes on strawberry root weevils has not been studied as extensively as the effects on black vine weevils field trials show 32-90% mortality by Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae. 6 Strawberry root weevils are not as sensitive to nematodes as black vine weevils. 6 Steinernema carpocapsae was also found to be effective against cranberry girdler effectiveness ranging from 44% to 92% in different field studies in the Pacific Northwest.
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7 In another field trial, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora and Steinernema carpocapsae suppressed black vine weevil populations by 56-100%.
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6 Steinernema carpocapsae and Steinernema glaseri have been found effective against black vine weevil on cranberries in Washington State the presence of black vine weevil was reduced by 96% and 100%, respectively. 1, 3 Several species of soil-dwelling immature insects, mainly belonging to Lepidoptera (cranberry girdler) and Coleoptera (oriental beetle, black vine weevil, strawberry root weevil, cranberry rootworm), are common pests in cranberries. Commercially available nematodes are: Steinernema carpocapsae, Steinernema feltiae, Steinernema riobrave, Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, Heterorhabditis marelatus and Heterorhabditis megidis 1, 3 most commonly used for control of insect pests in crops, such as home lawns and gardens, turf, nurseries, citrus, cranberries, and mushrooms.